Wisdom in fragments

The experiences you have in dreams, measured by brain activity and glucose consumption, are remarkably similar to those you would have while awake. Whether you're running the London Marathon in reality or dreaming about it, your brain's electrical and metabolic patterns are nearly identical.

This leads me to a bold assertion—though it's my opinion, not a scientific measurement—that we sleep because we must dream. Yes, sleep has metabolic benefits, but a crucial aspect seems to be that our neurons need to dream to maintain their capabilities.

I believe it's more fundamental: similar to the 'use it or lose it' principle that applies to muscles, our brains engage in a nightly routine that stimulates thoughts and ideas not typically relied upon during the day. This built-in process keeps our thinking adaptive and nimble, fostering divergent thoughts and offering an evolutionary advantage.

Even if you're eating right, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep, dysfunctional breathing can still hold you back. If it's dysfunctional, your body will eventually make you pay the price in terms of health and focus.

Author of "Breath" & Investigative Journalist on Respiratory Science

People have been told that asthma is an incurable condition, that they'll need to stay indoors and rely on a bronchodilator every few hours for life. But that's just not true. The way you breathe is deeply connected to asthma symptoms, a message that asthmatics rarely hear from anyone.

Author of "Breath" & Investigative Journalist on Respiratory Science

By measuring skulls from 400 years ago, you'll find that our ancestors had straight teeth, prognathic faces, and very wide jaws. Compare these to modern skulls, which show very slender, narrow faces and small jaws. It's all there, plainly evident, yet it seems as though nobody is really talking about this or acknowledging the rapid changes that have occurred over just a couple of hundred years.

Author of "Breath" & Investigative Journalist on Respiratory Science

This is where people expect me to reveal some magical formula I've discovered in the caves of Indonesia. You're going to be disappointed. I'm about to tell you some of the simplest, most mundane things in the world. They're so basic that many people don't even want to bother with them. But trust me, these basics are far more important than attending a breathwork class three times a week.

Author of "Breath" & Investigative Journalist on Respiratory Science

We get more energy from air than from food or drink. So, if we're absorbing that energy inefficiently, it's bound to catch up to us. A useful analogy is food: you can survive on a diet of 12 cookies a day, getting enough calories, but it's not nourishing, nor does it allow your body to operate efficiently.

Author of "Breath" & Investigative Journalist on Respiratory Science

No matter what you eat, how much you exercise, how skinny or young or wise you are, none of it matters if you're not breathing properly. There is nothing more essential to our health and well-being than breathing: take air in, let it out, repeat twenty-five thousand times a day. Yet, as a species, humans have lost the ability to breathe correctly, with grave consequences.

Author of "Breath" & Investigative Journalist on Respiratory Science

The future is already here, it's just not evenly distributed. There are many ways of living in the future or catapulting yourself into it, but the first order of business is to get out of the present.

Venture capitalist and early-stage investor, founder of Founders Fund

Early customers are animated by belief, not utility. They buy for aesthetic reasons, not practical ones. There's an aesthetically superior future they co-create with the founders. You only want to talk to people who are primed to move to that different future with you.

Venture capitalist and early-stage investor, founder of Founders Fund

Many great startup ideas fall into the 'sounds like a bad idea, is a good idea' category. In fact, most of them do. These are the most dangerous ideas—the ones that sound plausibly good but aren't. There was nobody desperate for a social network for sports fans, so it failed.

Venture capitalist and early-stage investor, founder of Founders Fund

My favourite question when evaluating a startup idea is, 'Is this from the future?' I'm not interested in your ideas about the future; I want to understand why you are living in it today. Why are you living in a different future right now than other people are?

Venture capitalist and early-stage investor, founder of Founders Fund

If you want to have a great startup idea, don't try to think of a startup. If you focus on creating a startup, you'll be grounding yourself in the present, studying customers living in the present, their problems in the present, and their unmet needs in the present. You want to define a future market by living in the future.

Venture capitalist and early-stage investor, founder of Founders Fund

Most of the time, startup ideas don't work. Most of the time, the world stays as it is. The status quo has an advantage; it has a built-in upper hand. For a startup to win, it has to be not merely better than what's there; it has to propose something radically different, something that never could have existed before, something that can't be compared to anything that's happened.

Venture capitalist and early-stage investor, founder of Founders Fund

Highly creative individuals tend to habituate more slowly. This slower habituation means that information stays in their minds longer, which can be distracting but also beneficial. The extended presence of information allows different bits of knowledge to collide and interact, leading to new ideas.

Neuroscientist known for research on optimism bias and decision-making